Mubusanzwe, igikoresho cyimashini nigikoresho cyimashini ziyobora inzira yigikoresho - ntabwo kiyobowe nubuyobozi butaziguye, nkibikoresho byintoki nibikoresho hafi ya byose byabantu, kugeza igihe abantu bahimbye ibikoresho byimashini.
Igenzura ryimibare (NC) bivuga gukoresha logique ishobora gukoreshwa (amakuru muburyo bwinyuguti, imibare, ibimenyetso, amagambo cyangwa guhuza) kugirango uhite ugenzura ibikoresho byo gutunganya.Mbere yuko igaragara, ibikoresho byo gutunganya byahoraga bigenzurwa nabakoresha intoki.
Igenzura rya numero ya mudasobwa (CNC) bivuga kohereza amabwiriza neza kuri microprocessor muri sisitemu yo kugenzura ibikoresho, kugirango tunonosore neza kandi bihamye.CNC abantu bavuga uyumunsi hafi ya yose yerekeza kumashini yo gusya ihujwe na mudasobwa.Muburyo bwa tekiniki, irashobora gukoreshwa mugusobanura imashini iyo ari yo yose iyobowe na mudasobwa.
Mu kinyejana gishize, ibintu byinshi byavumbuwe byashizeho urufatiro rwo guteza imbere ibikoresho bya mashini ya CNC.Hano, turareba ibintu bine byibanze byiterambere ryiterambere rya tekinoroji yo kugenzura imibare: ibikoresho byimashini za kare, amakarita ya punch, uburyo bwa servo hamwe nibikoresho byikora byikora (APT) ururimi rwa porogaramu.
Ibikoresho bya mashini ya mbere
Mu mpinduramatwara ya kabiri y’inganda mu Bwongereza, James Watt yashimiwe kuba yarakoze moteri ya moteri yateje impinduramatwara mu nganda, ariko yahuye n’ingorane zo gukora neza neza amashanyarazi ya moteri kugeza 1775, John Johnwilkinson yakoze icyitwa igikoresho cya mbere cy’imashini ku isi kuri moteri ya moteri irambiranye kandi yarakemutse.Iyi mashini irambiranye kandi yakozwe na Wilkinson ashingiye ku kibunda cye cyambere;
Ikarita
Mu 1725, Basile bouchon, umukozi w’imyenda w’Abafaransa, yahimbye uburyo bwo kugenzura imyenda akoresheje amakuru yashizwe kuri kaseti ku mpapuro akoresheje urukurikirane rw'imyobo.Nubwo ari intangiriro, ibibi byubu buryo nabyo biragaragara, ni ukuvuga ko bigikeneye ababikora.Mu 1805, Joseph Marie jacquard yemeye iki gitekerezo, ariko cyashimangiwe kandi cyoroshya gukoresha amakarita akomeye yakubiswe atondekanye, bityo atangiza inzira.Aya makarita yakubiswe afatwa nkibanze shingiro rya mudasobwa igezweho kandi biranga iherezo ryinganda zubukorikori zo murugo mububoshyi.
Igishimishije, imyenda ya jacquard yarwanywaga nababoshyi ba silik muri kiriya gihe, bahangayikishijwe nuko iyi automatike izababuza akazi nubuzima bwabo.Batwitse inshuro nyinshi imyenda yashyizwe mubikorwa;Nyamara, ukurwanya kwabo kwabaye impfabusa, kubera ko inganda zamenye ibyiza byimyenda ikora.Kugeza mu 1812, Ubufaransa bwakoreshwaga 11000.
Ikarita yakubiswe yateye imbere mu mpera za 1800 ugasanga ikoreshwa ryinshi, kuva telegraph kugeza piyano yikora.Nubwo kugenzura imashini byakemuwe namakarita yo hambere, umunyamerika wavumbuye Herman Hollerith yakoze ikarita yerekana amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike, yahinduye amategeko yumukino.Sisitemu ye yatanzwe mu 1889, ubwo yakoraga mu biro bishinzwe ibarura rusange ry’Amerika.
Herman Hollerith yashinze isosiyete ikora tabulator mu 1896 maze ahuza n’andi masosiyete ane ashinga IBM mu 1924. Mu gice cya kabiri cy’ikinyejana cya 20, amakarita yakubiswe yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu kwinjiza amakuru no kubika mudasobwa n’imashini zigenzura imibare.Imiterere yumwimerere ifite imirongo itanu yimyobo, mugihe verisiyo ikurikira ifite imirongo itandatu, irindwi, umunani cyangwa irenga.
Uburyo bwa Servo
Uburyo bwa Servo ni igikoresho cyikora, gikoresha amakosa yibitekerezo byo gukosora imikorere yimashini cyangwa uburyo.Rimwe na rimwe, servo yemerera ibikoresho-imbaraga nyinshi kugenzurwa nibikoresho bifite imbaraga nke cyane.Uburyo bwa servo bugizwe nigikoresho kigenzurwa, ikindi gikoresho gitanga amabwiriza, igikoresho cyo kumenya amakosa, amplifier yerekana ibimenyetso hamwe nigikoresho (moteri ya servo) ikosora amakosa.Sisitemu ya Servo isanzwe ikoreshwa mugucunga ibihinduka nkumwanya n'umuvuduko, kandi ibisanzwe ni amashanyarazi, pneumatike cyangwa hydraulic.
Uburyo bwa mbere bw'amashanyarazi bwa servo bwashinzwe na kalendari ya H. mu Bwongereza mu 1896. Kugeza mu 1940, MIT yashyizeho laboratoire idasanzwe ya servo, yaturutse ku ishami ry’ishami ry’amashanyarazi rikomeje kwitabwaho.Mu gutunganya CNC, sisitemu ya servo ningirakamaro cyane kugirango tugere ku kwihanganira ukuri gusabwa nuburyo bwo gutunganya byikora.
Igikoresho cyo gutangiza porogaramu mu buryo bwikora (APT)
Igikoresho cyo gutangiza porogaramu (APT) cyavukiye muri servo mechanism Laboratoire ya Massachusetts Institute of Technology mu 1956. Nibikorwa byagezweho byitsinda rya mudasobwa.Nibyoroshye-gukoresha-urwego rwohejuru rwo gutangiza porogaramu, rukoreshwa cyane mugutanga amabwiriza kubikoresho byimashini za CNC.Inyandiko yumwimerere yari kare kurenza FORTRAN, ariko nyuma verisiyo yongeye kwandikwa na Fortran.
Apt ni ururimi rwakozwe kugirango rukore hamwe na mashini ya mbere ya MIT ya NC, niyo mashini ya mbere ya NC ku isi.Noneho byakomeje kuba igipimo cyibikoresho bigenzurwa na mudasobwa igenzurwa na mudasobwa, kandi byakoreshejwe cyane mu myaka ya za 70.Nyuma, iterambere rya apt ryatewe inkunga ningabo zirwanira mu kirere kandi amaherezo ryakinguriwe urwego rwabasivili.
Douglas T. Ross, umuyobozi witsinda rya mudasobwa, azwi nka se wa apt.Nyuma yaje guhimba ijambo "mudasobwa ifasha igishushanyo" (CAD).
Ivuka ryo kugenzura imibare
Mbere yuko hagaragara ibikoresho byimashini za CNC, icya mbere niterambere ryibikoresho byimashini za CNC nibikoresho bya mbere bya CNC.Nubwo hari itandukaniro mubisobanuro bitandukanye byerekeranye namateka, igikoresho cya mbere cyimashini ya CNC ntabwo ari igisubizo cyibibazo byihariye byo gukora byugarije igisirikare, ahubwo ni iterambere risanzwe rya sisitemu yamakarita.
Ati: “Igenzura rya digitale ryerekana intangiriro y’impinduramatwara ya kabiri mu nganda ndetse n’igihe cya siyansi igeze aho kugenzura imashini n’imikorere y’inganda bizahinduka biva mu mishinga idakwiye bikagera ku bindi.”- Ishyirahamwe ryaba injeniyeri.
Umunyamerika wavumbuye John T. Parsons (1913 - 2007) afatwa nka se wo kugenzura imibare.Yatekereje kandi ashyira mubikorwa tekinoroji yo kugenzura imibare abifashijwemo na injeniyeri w'indege Frank L. stulen.Nkumuhungu wuruganda muri Michigan, Parsons yatangiye gukora mubiterane mu ruganda rwa se afite imyaka 14. Nyuma, yari afite kandi akora inganda nyinshi zikora uruganda rukora ubucuruzi bwumuryango Parsons.
Parsons ifite ipatanti ya mbere ya NC kandi yatoranijwe mu Nzu y'igihugu y'abavumbuzi b'ibyamamare kubera ibikorwa byayo bya mbere mu bijyanye no kugenzura imibare.Parsons ifite patenti zose hamwe 15, naho izindi 35 zihabwa ikigo cye.Sosiyete y'abakora inganda zabajije Parsons mu 2001 kugirango abantu bose bamenye amateka ye uko abibona.
Gahunda ya NC kare
1942:john T. Parsons yagiranye amasezerano nindege ya Sikorsky kugirango ikore ibyuma bya kajugujugu.
1944:kubera inenge yashushanyijeho ibaba ryamababa, kimwe mubyuma 18 byambere bakoze cyananiranye, bituma umuderevu apfa.Igitekerezo cya Parsons nugukubita icyuma cya rotor nicyuma kugirango gikomere kandi gisimbuze kole hamwe ninshini kugirango inteko ikomeze.
1946:abantu bashakaga gukora igikoresho cyo gukora kugirango bakore neza ibyuma, cyari ikibazo gikomeye kandi kigoye kubibazo byariho icyo gihe.Kubwibyo, Parsons yahaye akazi injeniyeri yindege Frank stulen maze ashinga itsinda ryubwubatsi hamwe nabandi bantu batatu.Stulen yatekereje gukoresha amakarita ya IBM kugirango amenye urwego ruhangayikishije, kandi bakodesha imashini zirindwi za IBM kumushinga.
Mu 1948, intego yo guhindura byoroshye urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho bya mashini byikora byagezweho mu buryo bubiri bw'ingenzi - ugereranije no gushyiraho urutonde rukurikiranye - kandi bikorwa mu buryo bubiri bw'ingenzi: kugenzura tracer no kugenzura imibare.Nkuko dushobora kubibona, iyambere ikeneye gukora moderi yumubiri yikintu (cyangwa byibuze igishushanyo cyuzuye, nka terefone ya Cincinnati tracer hydropower).Iya kabiri ntabwo yuzuza ishusho yikintu cyangwa igice, ahubwo nukuyikuramo gusa: imiterere yimibare namabwiriza yimashini.
1949:ingabo zirwanira muri Amerika zikeneye ubufasha bwa ultra precision ibaba.Parsons yagurishije imashini ye ya CNC kandi yatsindiye amasezerano afite agaciro ka $ 200000 kugirango bibe impamo.
1949:Parsons na stulen bagiye bakorana na Snyder imashini & ibikoresho Corp. kugirango bateze imbere imashini kandi bamenye ko bakeneye moteri ya servo kugirango imashini zikore neza.Parsons yagiranye amasezerano na sisitemu ya “imashini isya amakarita-matiki” kuri laboratoire ya Laboratoire y'Ikigo cy'ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts.
1952 (Gicurasi): Parsons yasabye ipatanti y "igikoresho cyo kugenzura moteri yo gushyira ibikoresho byimashini".Yatanze ipatanti mu 1958.
1952 (Kanama):mu gusubiza, MIT yasabye ipatanti ya "sisitemu yo kugenzura imibare".
Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, ingabo zirwanira mu kirere z’Amerika zasinyanye amasezerano na Parsons kugira ngo turusheho guteza imbere udushya two gutunganya imashini za NC zakozwe n’uwashinze John Parsons.Parsons yashimishijwe nubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri laboratoire ya servo Laboratoire ya MIT maze asaba ko MIT yahinduka umushinga w’umushinga mu 1949 kugirango utange ubumenyi mu kugenzura byikora.Mu myaka 10 yakurikiyeho, MIT yayoboye umushinga wose, kubera ko icyerekezo cya "bitatu-axis ikomeza inzira igenzura" ya laboratoire ya servo cyasimbuye igitekerezo cyambere cya Parsons cyo "guca mu guca imyanya".Ibibazo buri gihe bigira ikoranabuhanga, ariko iyi nkuru idasanzwe yanditswe numunyamateka David noble yabaye intambwe ikomeye mumateka yikoranabuhanga.
1952:MIT yerekanye sisitemu ya 7 ya gari ya moshi isobekeranye, igoye kandi ihenze (umuyoboro wa vacuum 250, relay 175, mumabati atanu ya firigo).
Imashini yambere ya CNC yo gusya ya CNC mu 1952 yari hydro Tel, uruganda rukora imashini za Cincinnati zahinduwe 3-axis.
Hariho ingingo zirindwi zerekeye "imashini yigenga, igereranya impinduramatwara ya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga izahindura neza ejo hazaza h'abantu" mu kinyamakuru "kugenzura byikora" cya Scientific American muri Nzeri 1952.
1955:Igenzura rya Concord (rigizwe nabagize itsinda ryambere rya MIT) ryakoze numero, yasimbuye kaseti yacometse kumashini ya MIT NC hamwe numusomyi wa kaseti wateguwe na GE.
Kubika kaseti
1958:Parsons yabonye patenti yo muri Amerika 2820187 hanyuma agurisha Bendix uruhushya rwihariye.IBM, Fujitsu nu mashanyarazi rusange bose babonye ibyangombwa bya sub nyuma yo gutangira guteza imbere imashini zabo.
1958:MIT yasohoye raporo ku bukungu bwa NC, yanzura ivuga ko imashini ya NC iriho itatakaje igihe, ahubwo yimuye abakozi mu mahugurwa y'uruganda ku bantu bakora imikandara.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Nyakanga-19-2022