Ukuntu imashini gakondo, icyumba kinini gifite imashini ya CNC ihinduranya kumashini ya desktop (nkibikoresho bya Bantam desktop ya CNC imashini hamwe na Bantam ibikoresho bya desktop PCB imashini isya) biterwa niterambere rya mudasobwa bwite, microcontrollers nibindi bikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Hatabayeho iterambere, ibikoresho byimashini bya CNC bikomeye kandi byoroshye ntabwo byashoboka uyumunsi.
Kugeza 1980, ubwihindurize bwubugenzuzi bwingengabihe n'ingengabihe yo guteza imbere ubufasha bwa elegitoroniki na mudasobwa.
Umuseke wa mudasobwa yawe
Mu 1977, “microcomputer” eshatu zasohotse icyarimwe - Apple II, inyamanswa 2001 na TRS-80 - muri Mutarama 1980, ikinyamakuru byte cyatangaje ko “igihe cya mudasobwa bwite ziteguye kigeze”. Iterambere rya mudasobwa bwite ryazamuwe vuba kuva icyo gihe, igihe amarushanwa hagati ya pome na IBM yagabanutse.
Kugeza mu 1984, Apple yasohoye ibintu bisanzwe bya Macintosh, imashini ya mbere yakozwe na mudasobwa yifashishije mudasobwa bwite hamwe n’imikoreshereze y’abakoresha (GUI). Macintosh izanye na macpaint na macwrite (ikwirakwiza porogaramu za WYSIWYG WYSIWYG). Umwaka ukurikira, kubufatanye na adobe, hatangijwe gahunda nshya yubushushanyo, ishyiraho urufatiro rwo gushushanya mudasobwa (CAD) hamwe n’inganda zifasha mudasobwa (CAM).
Gutezimbere gahunda za CAD na kamera
Umuhuza hagati ya mudasobwa nigikoresho cyimashini ya CNC ni gahunda ebyiri zingenzi: CAD na cam. Mbere yo gucengera mumateka magufi yombi, dore incamake.
Porogaramu ya CAD ishyigikira ibyaremwe, guhindura, no kugabana ibintu 2D cyangwa 3D. Porogaramu ya kamera igufasha guhitamo ibikoresho, ibikoresho, nibindi bintu byo gukata ibikorwa. Nka injeniyeri, niyo waba warangije imirimo yose ya CAD ukamenya isura yibice ushaka, imashini yo gusya ntabwo izi ingano cyangwa imiterere yikata ushaka gukoresha, cyangwa ibisobanuro byubunini bwibikoresho byawe cyangwa Ubwoko.
Porogaramu ya kamera ikoresha icyitegererezo cyakozwe na Engineer muri CAD kugirango ibare urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho. Iyimibare yimikorere, yitwa inzira yinzira, ihita ikorwa na progaramu ya kamera kugirango igere kumikorere myiza. Porogaramu zimwe za kijyambere zirashobora kandi kwigana kuri ecran uburyo imashini ikoresha igikoresho wahisemo cyo guca ibikoresho. Aho guca ibizamini kubikoresho byimashini byongeye kandi, birashobora kubika ibikoresho, gutunganya igihe no gukoresha ibikoresho.
Inkomoko ya CAD igezweho irashobora guhera mu 1957. Porogaramu yitwa Pronto yakozwe n'umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa Patrick J. Hanratty izwi nka se wa cad / cam. Mu 1971, yateguye kandi porogaramu ikoreshwa cyane na Adam, ikaba ari igishushanyo mbonera gishushanya, gushushanya no gukora sisitemu yanditswe muri FORTRAN, igamije guhuza imbaraga zose. Kaminuza ya Californiya Irvine, aho yakoreye ubushakashatsi icyo gihe yagize ati: "Abasesenguzi b'inganda bavuga ko 70% ya sisitemu ya 3-D ya mashini ya cad / cam iboneka muri iki gihe ishobora guturuka ku kode ya mbere ya Hanratty."
Ahagana mu 1967, Patrick J. Hanratty yitangiye gukora mudasobwa ikoresheje mudasobwa zuzuzanya (CADIC).
Mu 1960, gahunda yubupayiniya Sketchpad ya Ivan Sutherland yateguwe hagati ya gahunda zombi za Hanratty, iyo ikaba ari yo gahunda ya mbere yakoresheje interineti yuzuye y’abakoresha.
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko AutoCAD, yatangijwe na Autodesk mu 1982, niyo gahunda ya mbere ya 2D CAD kuri mudasobwa bwite aho kuba mudasobwa yibanze. Kugeza 1994, AutoCAD R13 yatumye porogaramu ihuza igishushanyo cya 3D. Mu 1995, SolidWorks yarekuwe ifite intego isobanutse yo koroshya igishushanyo cya CAD kubantu benshi, hanyuma Autodesk Inventor yatangizwa mu 1999, ihinduka intangiriro.
Hagati ya za 1980, icyerekezo kizwi cyane cyerekana AutoCAD yerekanaga sisitemu yizuba muri kilometero 1: 1. Urashobora no gukinira ku kwezi ugasoma icyapa kiri ku butaka bwa Apollo ukwezi.
Ntibishoboka kuvuga kubyerekeye iterambere ryimashini za CNC utiriwe wubaha abakoze software biyemeje kugabanya imbibi zinjira mugushushanya hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga kandi bigakoreshwa mubyiciro byose byubuhanga. Kugeza ubu, Autodesk fusion 360 iri ku isonga. . inzira igana ku gicu kibereye PC, MAC n'ibikoresho bigendanwa. ” Iki gicuruzwa gikomeye cya software ni ubuntu kubanyeshuri, abarezi, abishoboye batangiye ndetse nabakunzi.
Ibikoresho bya mashini ya CNC hakiri kare
Nka umwe mu bapayiniya na basekuruza b'imashini zikoresha imashini za CNC, Ted Hall, washinze ibikoresho byo mu iduka, yari umwarimu wa Neuroscience muri kaminuza ya Duke. Mugihe cye cyakazi, akunda gukora ubwato bwa pande. Yashakishije igikoresho cyoroshye guca pani, ariko nigiciro cyo gukoresha imashini zisya CNC muricyo gihe zirenga $ 50000. Mu 1994, yeretse itsinda ryabantu uruganda rukora imashini yateguye mu mahugurwa ye, bityo atangira urugendo rwikigo.
Kuva ku ruganda kugera kuri desktop: SnapM ya MTM
Mu 2001, Ishuri Rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Massachusetts (MIT) ryashizeho ikigo gishya cya atom na atom, ari na mushiki wa Laboratoire ya Laboratwari ya MIT, ikaba iyobowe na Porofeseri w'icyerekezo Neil Gershenfeld. Gershenfeld ifatwa nkumwe mubashinze igitekerezo cya Fab Lab (Manufacturing Laboratory). Ku nkunga ya miliyoni 13.75 z’amadolari y’Amerika y’ubushakashatsi bw’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ryatanzwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubumenyi, ikigo cya bit na atom Centre (CBA) cyatangiye gushaka ubufasha bwo gushyiraho umuyoboro muto wa sitidiyo kugira ngo uhabwe abaturage ibikoresho by’ibikoresho bya digitale.
Mbere yibyo, mu 1998, Gershenfeld yafunguye isomo ryiswe "uburyo bwo gukora (hafi) ikintu cyose" mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts cyo kumenyekanisha abanyeshuri ba tekinike ku mashini zikora inganda zihenze, ariko amasomo ye yakuruye abanyeshuri baturutse mu nzego zitandukanye, harimo ubuhanzi, gushushanya n'ubwubatsi. Ibi byabaye ishingiro ryimpinduramatwara yumuntu ku giti cye.
Imwe mu mishinga yavutse kuri CBA ni imashini zikora (MTM), zibanda ku iterambere rya prototypes yihuse ishobora gukoreshwa muri laboratoire y'uruganda rwa wafer. Imwe mu mashini yavukiye muri uyu mushinga ni imashini isya ya MTM snap desktop ya CNC yakozwe nabanyeshuri Jonathan ward, Nadya peek na David Mellis mumwaka wa 2011. Ukoresheje plastike iremereye cyane ya plastike HDPE (yaciwe ku kibaho cyo gutekamo igikoni) ku iduka rinini rya CNC imashini isya, iyi mashini yo gusya 3-axis ikora kuri microcontroller ya Arduino ihendutse, kandi irashobora gusya neza ibintu byose kuva PCB kugeza ifuro ninkwi. Mugihe kimwe, yashyizwe kuri desktop, igendanwa kandi ihendutse.
Muri kiriya gihe, nubwo bamwe mu bakora imashini zisya CNC nka shopbot na epilog bagerageje gusohora verisiyo ntoya kandi ihendutse ya desktop yimashini zisya, zari zihenze cyane.
MTM snap isa nkigikinisho, ariko yahinduye rwose gusya desktop.
Mu mwuka wa Fab Lab nyayo, itsinda rya MTM snap ndetse ryanasangiye fagitire y'ibikoresho kugirango ubashe kubikora wenyine.
Nyuma gato yo gushiraho MTM snap, umwe mubagize itsinda Jonathan ward yakoranye naba injeniyeri Mike Estee na Forrest icyatsi n’ibikoresho umuhanga Danielle applestone kugira ngo bakore umushinga uterwa inkunga na DARPA witwa umujyanama (gukora ubushakashatsi no kuzamura) kugira ngo "bakore ikinyejana cya 21."
Iri tsinda ryakoraga kuri otherlab i San Francisco, ryongera kandi risuzuma igishushanyo mbonera cy’imashini ya MTM snap, hagamijwe gukora imashini isya desktop ya CNC ifite igiciro cyiza, cyukuri kandi cyoroshye gukoresha. Bacyise andi mill, niyo yabanjirije ibikoresho bya Bantam desktop imashini isya PCB.
Ubwihindurize bwibisekuru bitatu byubundi
Muri Gicurasi, 2013, itsinda ryizindi mashini Co ryatangije neza igikorwa cyo guhuza abantu. Ukwezi kumwe, muri kamena, ibikoresho byamaduka byatangije ubukangurambaga (nabwo bwatsinze) kumashini ya CNC yimuka yitwa handibot, yagenewe gukoreshwa neza kurubuga rwakazi. Ubwiza nyamukuru bwizi mashini zombi nuko software iherekeza - izindi plan na fabmo - zagenewe guhinduka intiti kandi yoroshye-gukoresha-porogaramu ya WYSIWYG, kuburyo abantu benshi bashobora gukoresha CNC itunganya. Biragaragara, nkuko inkunga yiyi mishinga yombi ibigaragaza, abaturage biteguye ubu bwoko bwo guhanga udushya.
Igishushanyo cya Handibot cyerekana umuhondo wumuhondo kiratangaza ko cyoroshye.
Inzira ikomeza kuva muruganda kugera kuri desktop
Kuva imashini yambere yatangira gukoreshwa mubucuruzi muri 2013, ibikorwa bya desktop yububiko bwa digitale byarazamuwe. Imashini zisya CNC ubu zirimo ubwoko bwose bwimashini za CNC kuva muruganda kugeza kumeza, kuva imashini zogosha insinga kugeza imashini ziboha, imashini zikora vacuum, imashini zogosha amazi, imashini zikata laser, nibindi.
Ubwoko bwibikoresho bya mashini ya CNC byimuwe mumahugurwa yinganda kuri desktop biragenda byiyongera.
Intego yiterambere ya laboratoire ya Fab, yavukiye muri MIT, ni ugukwirakwiza imashini zikomeye ariko zihenze zikoresha ibikoresho bya digitale, gukoresha ubwenge bwubwenge hamwe nibikoresho, no kuzana ibitekerezo byabo mwisi. Gusa abantu b'inararibonye barashobora kubona abanyamwuga bashize hamwe nibikoresho. Noneho, impinduramatwara yo gukora kuri desktop irakomeza guteza imbere ubu buryo, kuva muri laboratoire ya Fab kugeza ku mahugurwa ku giti cye, mu kugabanya cyane ibiciro mu gihe gikomeza ukuri.
Mugihe iyi nzira ikomeje, hari iterambere rishya rishimishije muguhuza ubwenge bwubukorikori (AI) mubikorwa bya desktop no gushushanya ibikoresho. Uburyo aya majyambere akomeje kugira ingaruka ku nganda no guhanga udushya biracyagaragara, ariko tugeze kure kuva mu gihe cya mudasobwa nini yo mu cyumba hamwe n’ibikoresho bikomeye byo gukora bihujwe rwose n’ibigo binini n’amasosiyete. Ubu imbaraga ziri mu biganza byacu.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Nyakanga-19-2022